Review, analysis and correction of some verses from Khāqāni Sharvāni's anthology

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

PhD student in Persian language and literature, University of Isfahan

10.29252/kavosh.2021.14924.2891

Abstract

      Khāqāni Sharvāni is a poet who has a specific poetic style. With certain innovations, his poems are among the most difficult works of Persian poetry. The poet's unique view of the sciences of his time, his proficiency in various poetic techniques, and his precise knowledge of the subtleties of language, along with his special techniques in the artistic display of images, are the important features that add to the complexity of his poetry. These factors have also created difficulties in correcting Khāqāni's anthology; so many distortions have taken place, and, despite numerous corrections, there are still doubts about the correct recording of many verses. It is obvious that the correction and interpretation of such an anthology, in addition to scientific and literary knowledge, requires a complete acquaintance with the mental atmosphere and the style of the poet and his literary technical tricks. Accordingly, in this research, with regard to the recording of manuscripts and various other factors, especially Khāqāni's unique method of using imaginary correspondence and literary techniques, some verses in his book have been corrected and described. Also, with a review and a careful study of his poems and a critical look at previous interpretations, the verses are analyzed and new points are presented about the way of reading and the semantic use of words and combinations there.
 

Keywords


  1. A) Books

*Holy Qoran.

  • Āmoli, S. H. (2001). Tafsir-ul-Muhit-el-Aʹzam, Edited by S. M. Moosavi Tabrizi, Tehran: Ministry of Islamic Guidance.
  • Abolfotuh Rāzi, H. (1992). Rawz al-jenān va rawh al-janān, Correction: M. J. Yāhaghi, M. M. Nāseh, Mashhad: Islamic Research Foundation of Āstān Quds Razavi.
  • Abol-Ghassemi, M. (2019). A Manual of Old Iranian Languages, Tehran: Samt.
  • Ain-ul Qozāt, A. (1962). Tamhidāt, Edited by A. Osayrān, Tehran: University of Tehran.
  • Amir Moʹezzi, M. (2010). Divān, Edited by A. Eqbāl Āshtiāni, Tehran: Asātir.
  • Aqili Khorāsāni, M. (2015). Makhzan-ul-Adwiyah, Edited by M. Gholāmiyeh, Tehran: Safir-e Ardehāl.
  • Asadi Toosi, A. (2011). Loghat-e Fors, Edited by A. Eqbāl Āshtiāni, Tehran: Asātir.
  • Attār Neishābouri. F. (2013). Mantiq-ut-Tayr, Edited by M. R. Shafiei Kadkani, Tehran: Sokhan.
  • --------------. (2019). Tadhkirat-ul-Awliyā, Edited by M. R. Shafiei Kadkani, Tehran: Sokhan.
  • Bahār, M. (2014). Research in Iranian Mythology, Tehran: Āgah.
  • Bākharzi, Y. (2004). Awrād-ul-Ahbāb wa Fosous-ul-Ādāb, Edited by I. Afshār, Tehran: University of Tehran.
  • Barzegar Khaleqi. M.R. (2011).Sharh-e Divān-e Khāqāni, (Vol.1), Tehran: Zavvār.
  • --------------. (2018). Sharh-e Divān-e Khāqāni, (Vol.2), Tehran: Zavvār.
  • Biruni, A. (2007). Understanding Astrology, Edited by J. Homāei, Tehran: Homa.
  • Borhān, M. (2012). Borhān-e Qāteʹ, Edited by M. Moein, Tehran: Amirkabir.
  • Damiri, K. (2016). Khavās-ul-Hayawān, Translated by M. T. Tabrizi, Edited by F. Mehri, Tehran: Markaz-e Nashr-e Dāneshgāhi (Academic Publishing Center).
  • Dehkhodā, A. A. (1957). Dictionary of Dehkhodā, Tehran: Majles-e Showrā.
  • Emāmi. N. (2014). Armaghān-e Sobh, Tehran: Jāmi.
  • Esteʹlāmi, M. (2008). Sharh-e Ghasāyed-e Khāqāni, (Vol.1), Tehran: Zavvār.
  • Farrokhi Sistāni, A. (2009). Divān-e Hakim Farrukhi Sistāni, Edited by Mohammad Dabirsiāghi, Tehran: Zavvār.
  • Ferdowsi, A. (2007). Shāhnāmeh, Edited by J. Khāleghi-Motlagh, Tehran: The Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopaedia.
  • Ghazzāli, M. (2004). Kimiyā-ye Sa'ādat, Edited by H. Khadiv Jam, Tehran: Elmi wa Farhangi.
  • Gonābādi, M. (1855). Sharh-e Bist Bāb dar Maʹrefat-e Taqvim, Tehran (Lithography).
  • Hāfiz, M. (1983). Divan-e Hāfiz, Corrected by P. Nātel Khānlari, Tehran: Khārazmi.
  • Homāei, J. (1991). Fonoun-e Belāghat wa Senāʹāt-e Adabi, Tehran: Homā.
  • Horn, P. (2015). Persian Etymological Dictionary, Translated by J. Khāleqi Motlaq, Isfahan: Mehrafrouz.
  • Ibn Manzour, A. (1993). Lisān-ul-Arab, Beirut: Dār Sāder.
  • Ibn Othman. M. (1979). Ferdows-ul-Morshediyah fi Asrār-e-Samadiyah, Edited by I. Afshar, Tehran: Offset press Inc.
  • Ibn Sīdah. A. (2000). Al-Muhkam wa-al-Muhit-ul-Aʹzam, Edited by A. Hendavi, Beirut: Dār al-Kotob al-Ilmiyyah.
  • Jamāli Yazdi, A. M. (2007). Farrokh-Nāmah, Edited by I. afshār, Tehran: Amirkabir.
  • Kamāl Ismāʹil, I. (2007). Kolliyāt, Edited by S. M. Tabātabāei, Tehran: Khāmoosh.
  • Kazzāzi, M. J. (2007). Soozan-e Isā, Tabriz: Aidin.
  • --------------. (2013). Gozāresh-e Doshwārihāye Divān-e Khāqāni, Tehran: Markaz
  • Khāleqi Mutlaq, J. (2011). From Manuscript to the Text, Tehran: Mirās-e Maktoob.
  • Khāqāni Sharvāni, A. (1996). Divān, Edited by M. J. Kazzāzi, Tehran: Markaz.
  • --------------. (2005). Monshaāt-e Khāqāni, Edited by Roushan. Tehran: University of Tehran.
  • --------------. (2006). Divān, Corrected by Z. Sajjādi, Tehran: Zavvār.
  • --------------. (2008). Tuḥfat al-Irāqain, Edited by: A. Safari Agh Ghaleh, Tehran: Mirās-e Maktub.
  • --------------. (2010). Divān, Edited by A. Abd-o-rasuli, Tehran: Sanāei.
  • --------------. (2010). Divān, Edited by J. Mansour, Tehran: Negah.
  • Kharaqāni, A. (2009). Dastour-ul-Jomhour, Edited by M. T. Dānesh-Pajouh, I. Afshār, Tehran: Mirās-e Maktoob.
  • Kolayni, M. (2007). Osoul-e Kāfi, Beirut: Manshoorat al-Fajr.
  • Lāhiji, S. M. (2008). Mafātih-ul-I’jāz fi Sharh-e Golshan-e rāz, Edited by M. R. Barzegar Khāleghi; E. Karbāsi, Tehran: Zavvār.
  • Lesān Tabasi, H. (2010). Saydiyah, Edited by M. H. Mohaddes, Tehran: Safir-e Ardehāl.
  • Le Strange, G. (2011). The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate, Translated by M. ʹErfān, Tehran: Elmi wa Farhangi.  
  • Māhoozi, M. (2013). Ātash andar Chang, Tehran: Zavvār.
  • Māhyār, A. (2015). Mālek-e Molk-e Sokhan, Tehran: Sokhan.
  • Maʹdankan, Maʹsoumeh. (2016). Bazm-e Dirineh-Aroos, Tehran: Markaz-e Nashr-e Dāneshgāhi (Academic Publishing Center).
  • Mahdavifar, S. (2016). Farhang-nāmeye Sowar-e Khial dar Divān-e Khāqāni, Tehran: Zavvār.
  • Manoochehri, A. (2017). Divān, Edited by S. Shiri, Tehran: Negāh.
  • Masʹud Saʹd-e Salmān, (2011). Divān, Edited by M. Mahyār, Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.
  • Meibodi, R. (1992). Kasf-ul-Asrār & Oddat-ul-Abrār, Edited by A. Hekmat, Tehran: Amirkabir.
  • Minorsky, V. (1969). Description of Khāqāniʼs Christian ode, Translated by A. Zarrinkoob, Tabriz: Soroosh.
  • Mojtabāei, F. (2020). Platoʼs Kallipolis and Ideal Kingship in Ancient Iran, Tehran: Hermes.
  • Mowlavi, J. M. (1984). Kolliyāt-e Shams-e Tabrizi (Shams Genealities), Edited by B. Foroozānfar, Tehran: Amirkabir.
  • --------------. (2007). Mathnavi ma'navi, Edited by A. Soroosh, Tehran: Elmi wa Farhangi.
  • Nāsir-i Khusraw. A. (2008). Divān, Edited by M. Minovi; M. Mohaghegh, Tehran: University of Tehran.
  • Qoshairi, A. (1981). Laṭā'if al-Ishārāt, Cairo: Egyptian General Book Authority.
  • Rādmanesh, A. (2010). Hadye-ye Jān, Isfahan: Islamic Azad University (Najafabad Branch).
  • A. (2018). Montaha al-Arab fi Loghāt al- ʹArab, Edited by A. Hājiān-nejād, Tehran: Sokhan.
  • Sahlagi, M. A. (2012). Daftar-e Rowshanāei, Translated by M. R. Shafiei Kadkani, Tehran: Sokhan.
  • Sajjadi, (2005). Selected Khāqāni's Poems, Tehran: Jāmi.
  • --------------. (2010). Farhang-e Loqāt va Taʹbirāt-e Divān-e Khāqāni Sharvāni, Tehran: Zavvār.
  • --------------. (2011). Shāʹer-e Sobh, Tehran: Sokhan.
  • Sanāʹi Ghaznavi, M. (2009). Divān, Edited by Modarres Razavi, Tehran: Sanaei
  • Seif Faraghāni, M. (2013). Divān, Edited by Z. Safā, Tehran: Ferdows.
  • Shafiei Kadkani, M. R. (1993). Tāziyānehāy-e Solouk, Tehran: Agah.
  • Tabarsi, F. (2006). Majmaʹ-ul-Bayān fi Tafsir-el-Qurʹān, Beirut: Dar al-mortezā.
  • Servat, M. (2003). Selected Khāqāni's Odes, Tehran: Payam-e Noor.
  • Toosi, M. (2008). Ajā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt, Edited by M. Sotoudeh, Tehran: Elmi wa Farhangi.
  • Zahir Faryabi. (2002). Divān, Edited by A. H. Yazdgerdi, Tehran: Qatreh.
  • Zanjāni, B. (2015). Khāqāni Sharvāni Noktehā az Goftehā, Tehran: Amirkabir.
  1. B) Articles
  • Jahānbakhsh, J. (2008). “Effective theoretical thoughts in the correction of literary texts”, Mirror of Heritage (Ayene-ye Miras), Vol. 6, Issue 3, No. 42, pp. 24-73.
  • Sadat Ebrahimi, S. M; Soltanmohammadi, A. (2020). “The Review and Analysis of Difficult Couplets of One of Khaqani’s Odes with the Commitment on using ‘Sobh’”, Textual Criticism of Persian Literature, Vol. 12, Issue 1, No. 45, pp. 129-147.
  • Soltanmohammadi, A; Sadat Ebrahimi, S. M. (2019). “The need to pay attention to verses and narrations in correcting and understanding Khaghaniꞌs poems”, Persian Literature, Vol. 9, Issue 1, No. 23, pp. 201-219.
  • Mahdavifar, S. (2012). “Imagery originality: The most important criterion in correcting Khāghāni's Divān”, Poetry Studies, Vol. 4, Issue 1, No. 11, pp. 175-196.